An Optical 1×4 Power Splitter Based on Silicon–Nitride MMI Using Strip Waveguide Structures

This paper presents a new design for 1 × 4 optical power splitter using multimode interference (MMI) coupler in silicon nitride (Si3N4) strip waveguide structures. The main functionality of the proposed is to use Si3N4 dealing with back reflection (BR) effect that usually happens (Si) MMI devices due self-imaging and higher index contrast between Si dioxide (SiO2). optimal device parameters were determined through numerical optimizations beam propagation method (BPM) finite difference time domain (FDTD). Results demonstrate length 34.6 μm can reach equal distribution each output port up 24.3% total across O-band spectrum 0.13 dB insertion loss good tolerance shift ±250 nm. Additionally, range over was found be 40.25–42.44 dB. demonstrates effectiveness incorporation adiabatic input tapers mitigating unwanted BR ensure signal received from laser. showcases significant potential data-center networks, offering promising solution efficient facilitating high-performance reliable routing within range. By leveraging advantages coupler, this opens possibilities advanced network architectures enables transmission signals